Born and raised far from the centers of power in the movie industry, writer-director Glen Pitre began his career in the 1980s as a DIY filmmaker, showing his homemade productions to audiences in his native Louisiana. But when a powerful new organization called the Sundance Institute got its hands on one of his screenplays, he shot quickly from obscurity to success, winning a coveted spot in the 1986 Cannes Film Festival competition lineup, a nationwide theatrical release, and praise from critics like Roger Ebert. Set in the mid-nineteenth century, Pitre’s debut feature, Belizaire the Cajun, tells the heroic story of a Cajun herbalist (Armand Assante) who defends his community from oppressive Anglo vigilantes and steals the heart of an unhappily married woman (Gail Youngs) in the process. The film benefitted from a larger budget and a more professionally experienced cast and crew than Pitre had been accustomed to, but much of its charm derives from the scrappy resourcefulness with which it achieves the look and feel of a period epic. To mark Belizaire’s arrival on the Criterion Channel, I spoke with Pitre about the making of the movie, the history of Cajun representation on-screen, and the turning point in American independent cinema at which the film emerged.
Your childhood experiences of Cajun culture have been a major influence on your filmmaking. Tell me about what it was like to grow up in Louisiana.
It was a largely homogenous community, and all the adults spoke French. My dad was a shrimper and owned a fishing boat, and all the commerce and the work remained in French much longer than it did for work on land. So that’s probably why I’m a little better at French than a lot of my contemporaries.
Everyone was related; it was just a matter of how distant a cousin someone was to you. We lived in a town called Cut Off, forty miles inland, but we were facing the gulf, so there were commercial fishermen in the community, and people who worked in offshore oil fields. It was a largely oral culture, and storytellers were revered. Not many people got rich, though a few went off to become sports heroes. But mostly we were interested in who could tell the best stories. The first several films I made were based on tales I heard when I was a kid.
How did you land on filmmaking as your primary way of capturing these elements of your culture?
When I was in high school, the PBS affiliate in New Orleans, which we could catch when the weather wasn’t too bad, started a film series on Thursday nights. It was centered on films from the Janus collection. There wasn’t a theater in our town, though there had been a drive-in theater that was blown over by a hurricane when I was nine years old. Three times a year my family would take a trip to New Orleans, where we could go see a movie. But because this didn’t happen with very much frequency, I mainly knew movies as Hollywood productions, and I thought that was all there was. When I saw these Janus films on TV, I found a model I could emulate. These movies were clearly done more modestly, but at the same time they were much more adventurous in their storytelling than the studio films, and they were also in other languages. That’s what got me started.
The use of multilingual dialogue in Belizaire the Cajun feels pioneering for American cinema at the time. How did you approach the question of language as a screenwriter?
The first few movies I made were in Cajun French, subtitled in English. I wanted to tell the local stories in the local language, while always keeping an eye on the fact that it was starting to fade out. I wanted to preserve these stories and also make home movies for the whole community. There wasn’t a core group of actors who could speak Cajun French, so I would recruit family, friends, neighbors, and anyone who was willing to participate, often on the spur of the moment. The scripts I wrote for those early films were rudimentary at best; they were more like outlines. There was a lot of improvisation in those films, and I initially thought Belizaire might be the same. And I thought that we’d do two versions of it, one in French and one in English, because I’d read that in India they make films in Hindi and Bengali, shooting both versions on the same set at the same time.
How did you find yourself getting involved with Sundance?
I sent a draft of Belizaire to a friend of mine in Houston who ran the Southwest Alternate Media Project, just to get some notes. He told me he sent it off to this organization called Sundance, which no one had really heard of yet, and the next thing I knew I was being interviewed. Then I was headed off to Robert Redford’s ranch! They’d picked six projects, flew up the directors and producers, and gave us a cast to workshop scenes. My original idea for the film was that I’d raise about $150,000—we wouldn’t be paying people, and we’d be improvising everything else. But the experience there at the writer-director’s lab made it possible to raise more money, and I got input from several professionals and access to real actors. I also was able to meet with various resource people for different aspects of the production. A production manager looked over my budget and asked me, where are the dumpsters? You’re going to generate a lot of trash, so you’ll need them. These are things I’d never had to think about before.
I also worked with Sydney Pollack; I was directing scenes, and he’d whisper in my ear: why don’t you try this, or why don’t you try that? Karl Malden was there, too, giving tips. They made me feel like a peer.
Tell me about how you conceived the script. Since this is a period film, I’m curious where the inspiration for the story came from.
In Cajun culture, there’s a whole pantheon of folklore. There are supernatural creatures like werewolves, and then there are the fools and the tricksters. I grew up in a tradition where every story began with “This really happened!” There’s always the sense of it being nonfiction, no matter how wild the story gets. I was on tour with a previous film, and because we didn’t have a lot of prints, we went theater to theater. Someone in the audience told me he had an idea for a movie. When you’re a filmmaker you hear this a lot, but often the idea never rises to the level of a story. The man told me about his great-grandfather, who was Cajun and had gotten into trouble with the vigilantes and put in jail. He was a musician and a healer, and after he was released from prison he moved in with the widow of one of the vigilantes. That’s all this man knew, but that was enough to get me going. I started thinking about questions this raised for me: How did the great-grandfather get out of jail? What kind of trouble did he get into? What was the deal with the widow?
Were you inspired by any films that helped you figure out how to make a narrative film on this scale?
The newspapers had been calling my early movies “gumbo westerns,” so I thought this would be a chance to make a real western, with horses and cattle. As a kid I’d get up at six in the morning on Saturdays to watch Roy Rogers on TV. So that was one of the seeds that grew into this script. But there weren’t many other influences, partly because I was used to just figuring out what I could get my hands on and making what I could out of that. That’s how I make supper—by figuring out what I can do with what’s in the fridge. It’s different from saying: this is what I want and let me figure out how to pay for it. That had never been an option, and it wasn’t an option on Belizaire either.
What was it like to work with Armand Assante? He’s not from the South, nor is he Cajun. But he has such a magnetic presence that carries the film through all its twists and turns.
He’d been brought in for another project at Sundance, and I met him there. At the time he was considered one of those hot, good-looking leading men, and he was known more for his looks than for his acting chops. As most serious actors would, he found that situation a little frustrating. He read the script and liked the role, and by the time I left Sundance at the end of that month we’d pretty much decided he was our guy. But we almost lost him a few times; in the eleventh hour he insisted that we rewrite the ending of the film. He’d given the script to his college drama coach, who told him the ending was weak. Sets were already being built, and costumes were being made. We were two weeks away from starting shooting. So Sundance flew Armand from New York to Los Angeles, and they flew me out from New Orleans, along with the screenwriter Waldo Salt. We were in a suite together spitballing ideas for a new ending, and every hour or so I’d run out to go interview another actor, in case we weren’t able to settle this. We didn’t have much after that weekend, but on the red-eye flight home, I somehow came up with the hanging scene that ends the film. I called my production designer to make sure he could build a gallows for three people, and he said, I guess so! It was a stronger, better ending, but the pressure turned my hair gray!
The film weaves together several different tones and modes—comedy, romance, action, period epic. What was it like to try to do something so stylistically ambitious?
I was conscious about wanting all those elements there, and the balance. What I know now that I didn’t know then is considerable, and if I had to do it over, I would be much more aware of the need to get variations on takes. I’ve learned since then that what you see on set is not necessarily how it reads when you see it on a screen. And even what you see on-screen is not what you’re going to see when it’s preceded or followed by something else. So, with some of the shifts in tone, I have to say that we just got lucky. How do you make something funny or sad? Really, that kind of stuff is easy. The tricky thing is making something funny, sad, and suspenseful at the same time. And in the pressure cooker of production, you’re dealing with a lot of personalities. People’s faces and names are on the screen, and this is their next paycheck. That wasn’t an issue on the earlier films.
How did the community respond? And did you see the film as a corrective to stereotypes of Cajun people that had been prevalent in Hollywood before this film?
We were heroes! The movie blew the doors off the theaters in Louisiana. And it felt like it was us telling our own story. The year before there was a film called Southern Comfort that featured Cajun characters, but they might as well have been hillbillies—they were faceless monsters, and I know a lot of people were offended by it. There had also been The Big Easy, which just wasn’t very authentic. So Belizaire was the antidote. I think people could see that this was someone trying to get it right.
This movie emerged right at a moment when independent American cinema was undergoing a renaissance, and the specificity of the place and the culture it depicts is interwoven with its DIY aesthetic. Have you thought about where Belizaire fits into conversations about regional filmmaking?
The year that we were selected for Cannes was billed as the year of the American independent, and there’s a photo of me with Spike Lee and Jim Jarmusch. We were kids then!
As far as regional cinema goes, I remember seeing [the 1978 film] Northern Lights and thinking, wow, I want to do stuff like that—not so somber, and not in a region so cold, but the same kind of community-based storytelling. My first mentor in film was [the documentary filmmaker] Ricky Leacock. So much of what he pioneered was based on the fact that the technology was finally portable. Regional cinema was possible because of that—because you didn’t need to do everything on a soundstage. And it’s evolved to the point that it’s become so much more affordable to shoot on iPhones and DSLR cameras. And the know-how has become more widespread, so that you can find buddies who know what they’re doing now. On the flipside, back in 1985, when we shot Belizaire, more people noticed when you made a good film. Now it’s a question of how to get eyeballs on it. But it’s great that we’re seeing stories being told that were never told before. To the extent that Belizaire was an early step in that direction, it makes me proud.
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